Ageing and the Mature Dog
Ageing is an inevitable part of life, both for humans and their beloved canine companions. No matter how much we may wish for our dogs to stay youthful and energetic forever, the passage of time will bring about changes in their physical appearance, behavior, and health. While these changes can’t be entirely prevented, they can often be slowed down or managed with the right care, ensuring that your dog continues to enjoy a good quality of life in their senior years. There’s no greater feeling than knowing your dog has lived a long, active, and happy life by your side.
Understanding the Ageing Process in Dogs
Most dogs enter their senior years between the ages of 7 and 8, though this can vary significantly depending on breed and size. Larger breeds, such as Great Danes or Mastiffs, tend to age more quickly and are often considered seniors by 6 years old. On the other hand, small breeds like Chihuahuas or Toy Poodles may not be considered seniors until they reach 10 to 12 years of age.
The average lifespan for dogs is around 12 years, but again, this can vary based on genetics, breed, and overall health. Only about 8% of dogs live beyond 15 years of age, and it’s rare but not impossible for dogs to surpass this, as was the case with the world’s oldest known dog, who lived to the remarkable age of 29 in 1939.
Physical Changes in Ageing Dogs
As dogs grow older, there are noticeable physical changes. One of the most visible signs is a gradual slowing down. Your once-energetic companion might not be as eager to chase after a ball or go on long walks. These energy levels drop naturally as metabolism slows and muscles lose some of their former strength. However, this doesn’t mean they don’t still enjoy being active. Adjusting the intensity and duration of activities to suit their abilities can help keep them mentally and physically engaged.
Other physical signs of ageing include:
- Greying fur, particularly around the muzzle and face.
- Wrinkles and thinning skin, which may be more prone to injury.
- Hair loss and the development of calluses, especially on pressure points like the elbows due to more time spent resting.
- A noticeable stiffness in movement, often due to joint pain or arthritis, which is common in older dogs.
It’s also common for older dogs to experience more pronounced weight fluctuations. Some dogs may gain weight due to reduced activity levels, while others may lose weight due to decreased muscle mass or underlying health conditions.
Behavioral Changes in Senior Dogs
In addition to the physical changes, senior dogs may exhibit shifts in behavior. They might become less playful and more prone to long naps throughout the day. Some dogs may also become more anxious, particularly if they begin to lose their sight or hearing. For instance, a dog that previously had no issue with being left alone may suddenly become more attached, following their owner from room to room or showing signs of separation anxiety.
Changes in hearing and vision are common in senior dogs. You may notice your dog becoming startled when approached from behind or appearing confused when they don’t respond to familiar commands. If your dog seems disoriented, it could be a sign of hearing loss. Consider using hand signals or other non-verbal cues to communicate with them, ensuring they can still follow your guidance despite their sensory decline.
Some senior dogs may also experience cognitive dysfunction, a condition similar to dementia in humans. Symptoms of cognitive dysfunction can include disorientation, changes in sleep patterns, or forgetting well-learned commands or routines. While there is no cure, early intervention with medication or supplements can sometimes help slow its progression.
Common Health Concerns in Older Dogs
As your dog ages, their immune system weakens, making them more susceptible to infections and diseases. This reduced immunity is why it’s often recommended to house senior dogs separately from younger, more energetic dogs who may unknowingly pass along illnesses or cause stress.
Some of the most common health issues in ageing dogs include:
- Arthritis and joint pain: The wear and tear on joints over time can lead to arthritis, particularly in larger breeds. Signs include stiffness, limping, difficulty standing after resting, and reluctance to climb stairs or jump.
- Temperature intolerance: Older dogs often struggle to regulate their body temperature. They may get cold more easily in the winter or overheat in the summer. Providing a warm, dry, and padded bed for them is essential.
- Digestive problems: Senior dogs tend to have slower digestion, which can lead to constipation. Feeding smaller, more frequent meals with a higher fiber content can help maintain regularity. Fresh water should always be available, as dehydration can exacerbate digestive issues. In some cases, a veterinarian may recommend mild laxatives to aid digestion.
- Dental issues: Gum disease and tooth decay are more common in older dogs, potentially leading to pain, difficulty eating, and even systemic infections. Regular dental check-ups, cleanings, and at-home care can help prevent these issues.
- Vision and hearing loss: Cataracts and other degenerative eye conditions may impair your dog’s vision. If your dog is bumping into objects or seems disoriented, it’s worth having their eyes checked. Likewise, hearing loss is common, and while it can’t always be reversed, owners can adapt by teaching dogs hand signals or using vibrations to get their attention.
Caring for Your Ageing Dog
Just as humans need extra care as they grow older, dogs also require special attention to ensure they remain happy and healthy in their senior years. Here are some important tips to help your ageing dog adjust comfortably to the changes that come with growing older:
- Dietary adjustments: As your dog’s metabolism slows, they may need fewer calories to prevent weight gain. However, they still require high-quality, easily digestible food with an appropriate balance of protein, fat, and fiber. If your dog begins to lose weight or struggles with eating, a trip to the vet is necessary. Weight loss can indicate problems such as poor nutrient absorption or underlying health issues like kidney disease or diabetes.
- Comfortable living spaces: Older dogs may find it harder to tolerate cold, hard surfaces. Provide your dog with a soft, supportive bed in a warm, dry area. Consider using heated pads during the colder months and ensure the sleeping area is free from drafts.
- Regular veterinary check-ups: Even if your dog seems healthy, routine vet visits are crucial for catching age-related illnesses early. Diseases like kidney disease, heart disease, and cancer can progress without obvious symptoms until they become severe. Regular blood tests, physical exams, and other screenings can help detect and manage these conditions early.
- Exercise: Although your dog might not have the same stamina as before, gentle exercise is still important to keep them mobile and maintain muscle mass. Regular short walks, swimming (which is gentle on joints), or interactive play with toys that don’t require strenuous activity can keep them active.
- Maintain mental stimulation: Keeping your dog’s mind sharp is just as important as keeping their body healthy. Interactive toys, treat puzzles, or simple obedience training sessions can engage their brain and prevent cognitive decline. Even slow, mindful walks where they have time to sniff and explore the environment can be mentally stimulating.
- Grooming and hygiene: Senior dogs often have more difficulty grooming themselves, especially if they suffer from arthritis or joint pain. Regular brushing can help reduce shedding, prevent matting, and stimulate circulation. For breeds prone to dental issues, consistent teeth brushing or dental chews can help maintain oral health.
Offering Emotional Support to Your Senior Dog
Beyond the physical needs of your ageing dog, the emotional connection you share with them becomes even more important in their later years. As their world changes due to declining senses and energy, your companionship and reassurance offer invaluable comfort. Tender, loving care (TLC) is essential to help them feel secure and cherished.
A senior dog who has spent years by your side may seek more physical closeness, whether it’s curling up beside you or resting their head on your lap. Take time to give them gentle pats, belly rubs, or even just sit quietly with them. Small gestures like these reinforce your bond and remind them that they are still an important part of your family.
In these golden years, patience, understanding, and attentiveness to your dog’s changing needs will help ensure that their final stage of life is as happy and fulfilling as the years that came before.
The Photo in this article is of my rescue dog ‘Max’, he is 11 years old and was rescued from a puppy mill in 2023.
